Thanks for all the great input, really appreciated. I am always amazed at how helpful everybody is on TR forum (I hope I contribute to that in other places).
Normally I cite everybody, but the number of comments are overwhelming (thanks again!), so I hope you don’t mind if I just put it out here in one blob of text.
First, it started out raining, but I was dry all the time. But it was ridiculously humid and damp… like fog you don’t see but clearly feel. That is typical for the Netherlands - it’s always relatively humid, even when it is dry. That is why we often have freezing rain on the roads around this time even when it does not freeze, because still the ground gets cold and the damp freezes to it.
In the meantime, I ordered Assos Skin Layer Winter (rated 0-5 celsius), Winter Ultraz (rated < 0 celsius), and a merino wool base layer by a local shop here (Futurumshop) to test them out.
I will also go find a gillet (and thermal blanket), a coat to put on immediately when I get off the bike and thus a frame bag (I guess), and something like the Assos Mille GT Ultraz winter jacked (rated < 0 celsius). It’s not perse that I am an Assos fan, but I must say I was extremely impressed with their bibs (yes, they cost a fortune). After 7 hours in the saddle I haven’t felt a thing. Never felt my saddle not once. Can only say that about Fizik bibs, no single other brand helped me accomplish that on long rides.
Another problem may still have been fueling. The last 1h30-2h it began getting really cold and I am bad at eating while riding, especially since my breathing was a bit labored due to the cold damp weather (try chewing when you need air). So I opted for candy and ate about 3-5 pieces of candy every 10-15 minutes for the last 1h30. So perhaps I should have eaten something more substantial, like another bar. But I was drinking endurance sports drink the whole time (with sugar, minerals etc).
I also don’t have experience riding in the cold. I felt confident that good clothing + fueling + knowing that I can ride centuries + sheer motivation will get me there. And yeah well it did, but I think I exhausted myself a bit too much for the performance.
One issue I have with my setup is the sheer weight it adds to my bike. I mean… my bike is aluminium but light by modern standards 7.1kg without bidons and spd peddles). But I had an army of food, a bag, repair kit. It felt like a tank!